Menachos, Chapter 2, Mishnah 3. We continue our discussion of menachos whose matir - the factor that permits them to be eaten - is not the offering itself. Before us are two cases: the todah offering and the two lambs of Shavuos.
The Todah Offering:
The todah offering is almost a subcategory of the shelamim offering. It is brought when a person has been saved from one of four basic life-threatening situations, known by the acronym חיי"ם:
ח - chavush: one who was held in prison.
י - yisurin: one who suffered a life-threatening illness.
י - yam: one who crossed a sea or an ocean.
מ - midbar: one who crossed the desert.
Whoever has emerged safely from one of these four situations must bring a special offering called a todah, which is an offering of thanksgiving.
The Two Differences Between the Todah and the Shelamim:
The forty loaves: The todah is accompanied by forty loaves of bread - four types, ten loaves of each type. Three of the types are not chametz, and the fourth is chametz. The kohen receives one loaf from each of the four types and eats it, and these are the menachos we are dealing with here - the loaves that accompany the offering.
The time for eating: The todah is eaten only on the day it is offered and the following night, unlike the shelamim, which may also be eaten on the next day.
In this context we are dealing with pigul: an intention to eat the todah offering or its loaves outside the proper time, the proper time being the day it was offered and the night that follows, until dawn of the next morning.
The Relationship Between the Offering and the Bread - Primary and Secondary:
"HaTodah mefageles es haLechem" - an intention to eat outside the proper time, made during one of the services of the offering, renders pigul not only the animal but even the bread that accompanies it. The guiding principle is that the loaves accompanying the todah are considered secondary, and they are subordinate to the todah, which is primary; therefore, when one renders the todah pigul, the loaves are drawn along with it.
"VehaLechem eino mefagel es haTodah" - if, while performing one of the four essential services of the offering (shechitah, kabbalah, holachah and zerikah), he intended to eat not the animal but the loaves of bread outside the proper time, the loaves become pigul and the todah does not become pigul. The service is invalid, but only the loaves will carry the punishment of kares if they are eaten.
"Keitzad? HaShochet es haTodah le'echol mimenah lemachar" - and the same law applies to kabbalah, holachah and zerikah: he intended, at the time of the act, to eat from the meat of the todah the next day, after dawn. The same is true if he intended to offer the blood or to burn the eimurim after sunrise - the todah and its bread are pigul.
The Lambs of Atzeres:
That very same relationship of primary and secondary exists with the lambs of Atzeres - the two lambs offered on Shavuos that are accompanied by the two loaves. The lambs are what permits the loaves, even though they are offerings in their own right, while the bread is secondary and subordinate to the animal offering, which is the primary one.
"HaKevasim Mefaglin Es HaLechem" - an intention of eating beyond the proper time during the service of the lambs renders pigul not only the lamb itself, but the bread as well.
"VehaLechem Eino Mefagel Es HaKevasim" - if during one of the services of the lambs he intended to eat the two loaves at a time that is not fit, the bread becomes pigul and the lambs do not become pigul.
"Keitzad? HaShochet Es HaKevasim Le'echol Mehen Lemachar" - and the same law applies to receiving the blood, carrying it, and sprinkling it, and for the sake of simplicity the Mishnah speaks of both lambs together: if he intended to eat from the lambs the next day instead of that day, or he had such an intention regarding the blood the next day, or regarding the emurim the next day - the lambs become pigul, and the bread is rendered pigul along with them, since the two loaves are secondary to the lambs.
"Le'echol Min HaLechem Lemachar" - if, while performing one of the primary blood services of the two lambs, he intended that the lambs be eaten within their proper time but that the two loaves accompanying them be eaten beyond their time - "HaLechem Mefugal VehaKevasim Einam Mefugalim" - the bread becomes pigul, while the animals themselves do not become pigul but are merely invalid; therefore they must be taken out to the place of burning and burned like any invalid offering, and the offering must be brought again from the start.