Zevachim Chapter 5, Mishnah 6. From here, the Mishnah moves on to the second category of sacrifices - Kodashim Kalim. As we learned, Kodashim Kalim differ from Kodeshei Kodashim in three primary ways:
They are not subject to me'ilah while alive; after their slaughter, they may be subject to me'ilah.
The service is performed for them anywhere in the Azarah, and not only in the northern section.
After they are offered, the meat is eaten anywhere within the walls of Jerusalem, and not only within the Azarah, the Temple courtyard.
The Todah and the Nazir's Ram:
The first topic that the Mishnah discusses here is the Todah and the Nazir's ram. These are a sort of subcategory of the Shelamim, with the Shelamim offering being the main prototype for Kodashim Kalim. The Todah and the Nazir's ram are presented in this Mishnah separately and first, because they differ from the Shelamim in two fundamental aspects:
The bread: The Todah offering comes with loaves of bread - four types of bread, and the Nazir's ram comes with two types of bread.
The time for eating: With the Shelamim, the meat is eaten on the day of the offering, the night that follows, and the next day; with the Todah and the Nazir's ram - only on the day of the offering and the night that follows, a shorter time frame.
The Todah Offering:
The Todah is essentially like a Shelamim, and it is brought for specific situations in which a person was in danger and was subsequently saved. The mnemonic that the Gemara brings is known as "Chaim" - chet, yud, yud, mem:
Chet - chavush: Someone who was held in captivity.
Yud - yissurim: Someone who dealt with suffering and illness.
Yud - yam: Someone who crossed the sea.
Mem - midbar: Someone who crossed the desert.
All of these are life-threatening situations, and the one who survives them brings a Todah - an offering of thanksgiving to Hashem. This concept is also reflected in our modern-day halachah: even though the Beis Hamikdash is not standing, we recite the "Hagomel" blessing - "Hagomel l'chayavim tovos" - which is said in the synagogue by someone who is saved from these situations.
The Nazir's Ram:
The meaning of the term is exactly as it sounds - the ram of the nazir. Upon completing his period of nezirus, the nazir brings a number of offerings, and the primary one is the Nazir's ram. This is the offering where the hair of the nazir is shorn, placed under the pot, and used in the fire under the pot. Fundamentally, it too is like a Shelamim, except that it has three notable differences:
The time frame for eating it is shorter, like the Todah.
It comes with two types of bread, not four like the Todah, and neither of them is chametz; with the Todah, one of the four types is chametz.
The gifts given to the kohen: Aside from the regular gifts of the Shelamim and Todah - the breast (the breast and throat of the animal) and the thigh (the right hind leg) - the Nazir's ram also includes the shoulder, which is the right foreleg. This is the cooked shoulder that is boiled in the same pot over his hair.
The laws of the Mishnah:
"Hatodah ve'eil nazir, kodashim kalim" - their level of sanctity is lower.
"Shechitatan bechol makom ba'azarah" - they can be slaughtered anywhere in the courtyard area, from the Israelites' courtyard and inward.
"Vedaman taun shetei matanot shehen arba" - like the guilt offering, burnt offering, and peace offerings mentioned above: the blood is dashed in two applications that are four, on two corners - the northeastern corner and the southwestern corner.
"Vene'echal bechol ha'ir" - the meat can be eaten anywhere within the city of Jerusalem.
"Lechol adam" - anyone can eat from it, and not just kohanim or male kohanim.
"Bechol ma'achal" - they can be eaten in any manner, and the preparation of the food can also be done in any way, unlike the Passover sacrifice.
"Leyom valaylah ad chatzot" - the time frame is shorter than that of standard peace offerings: only the day of the sacrifice and the following night, and only until midnight, by rabbinic law. Therefore, it may not be left until morning, and one who eats it incurs kares.
"Hamuram meihem":
These are the portions separated to be given to the kohen. The expression "muram" is like the language of Terumah, from the language of a gift, and it also means lifting, elevation, and raising. In the thanksgiving offering - the breast (the chest and the throat) and the thigh, the right hind leg; and in the nazirite's ram, also the foreleg, the right front leg.
The breads:
In the thanksgiving offering: Four types of bread, one of which is chametz. Ten loaves are baked from each type, making a total of forty loaves; and one from each of the four types, meaning four loaves, are given to the kohanim to eat.
In the nazirite's ram: Two types of bread, and neither is chametz. Here too, ten loaves are baked from each type, making a total of twenty loaves; and one from each type, two in total, go to the kohanim.
All these items, "kayotzei bahen" (similarly to them), have the same status as the meat: they are eaten anywhere in Jerusalem and within the same time frame - during the day and the following night.
"Ela shehamuram nitan lakohanim, linesheihem, uleveneihem, ule'avdeihem":
Those who eat the separated portion given to the kohanim are not exclusively male kohanim, but rather:
"Linesheihem" - a woman married to a kohen, specifically in nisuin (full marriage), where she is actually his wife, and not just in kiddushin (betrothal), because even though they are halachically married, they do not live together as husband and wife.
"Uleveneihem" - their children, specifically children who are in practice part of the kohen's family; therefore, this does not include, for example, a daughter who married a non-kohen.
"Ule'avdeihem" - this refers specifically to a Canaanite slave, a non-Jewish slave who lives as part of the household. He too is a member of the kohen's household, and is permitted to eat from the gifts given from these sacrifices.
In summary: In this Mishnah we opened with the category of minor sacrifices and the three differences between them and the most holy sacrifices, and we learned the laws of the thanksgiving offering and the nazirite's ram - their slaughter can be anywhere in the courtyard, two applications of blood that are four, their consumption can be anywhere in the city by anyone and in any manner, for a day and a night until midnight. We also explored the reason for the thanksgiving offering and the acronym of 'Chayim', the unique nature of the nazirite's ram, the types of breads in each of them, and the separated portion from them that is given to the kohanim, to their wives, to their children, and to their slaves.