Orlah, Chapter 1, Mishnah 8. This mishnah continues the discussion of the previous mishnah, addressing the question of what is included in the prohibition of orlah on a fruit tree - which parts become forbidden as orlah.
The parts listed in the mishnah:
"Ankokelos" - grapes that spoiled before reaching a third of their growth and ripening. The name itself is a combination of the words 'enav kilkul' - a grape that spoiled.
"Vehachartzanim" - the seeds inside the grape.
"Vehazagim" - the grape skins, and not the flesh of the grape itself.
"Vehatemed shelahem" - a liquid produced from the fluid that comes out of the seeds and the skins. Since it sours and ferments, it becomes a liquid that has the taste of wine, even though it is not actually wine.
"Klipei rimon vehanetz shelo" - the peel of the pomegranate, and the netz is the place where the pomegranate blossom was.
"Klipei egozim" - the shells of nuts.
"Vehagar'inim" - the pits of various kinds of fruit.
Regarding all of these the mishnah rules: "asurim be'orlah" - they are forbidden as orlah.
The source of the law:
This law is derived from the verse "va'araltem orlaso es piryo" - that you shall regard it as orlah. The word "es" is superfluous, and it comes to include the items that are secondary to the fruit. From here we learn that all the components listed above are forbidden as orlah.
Additional laws regarding these parts:
They are forbidden to derive benefit from, under the law of a tree that was worshipped as idolatry.
They are forbidden to a nazir, when the product comes from grapes, since a nazir is forbidden to have grapes.
However, "umutarim lerevai" - with regard to neta revai of the fourth year, these parts are permitted. The reason for the difference between revai and the other laws: revai closely resembles maaser sheni and shares many laws with it, and maaser sheni is eaten in Jerusalem by its owner, and the same is true of revai. Therefore only items that are fully fit for eating are included in it, and these parts are not all fit for eating.
"Vehanovlos":
The mishnah concludes with novlos - fruit that falls from the tree early, before it has fully ripened. Regarding these the mishnah rules "kulam asuros" - they are all forbidden, both as orlah and as revai, because they had almost fully ripened.
In summary: This mishnah lists the parts that are secondary to the fruit - the ankokelos, the seeds, the skins and the temed made from them, the pomegranate peel and its blossom end, the nut shells and the pits - all of which are forbidden as orlah based on the inclusion implied by the word "es" in the verse "va'araltem orlaso es piryo." They are likewise forbidden to derive benefit from under the law of a tree worshipped as idolatry, and forbidden to a nazir. With regard to revai, however, they are permitted, since its law is like that of maaser sheni, which is eaten in Jerusalem and applies only to items fit for eating. The novlos, on the other hand, which had almost ripened, are forbidden both as orlah and as revai.