Nedarim, Chapter 6, Mishnah 10. The Mishnah continues to deal with the precise wording of vows, and with the question of when a vow concerning one food includes another food as well. The principle that emerges is this: a general name includes the specific items that fall under it, whereas a specific name does not include the general category.
Cabbage and asparagus:
One who vows not to eat cabbage is forbidden in asparagus as well, since it is a form of cabbage. But one who vows against asparagus, which is a particular, defined species and not a general name like "cabbage," is permitted to eat cabbage. The reason is that the name "cabbage" includes asparagus within it, whereas the name "asparagus" does not include cabbage.
Grits and porridge:
One who vows "min ha'grisin" - that he will not eat crushed beans - is forbidden in porridge as well, a kind of dish made from crushed beans; since grits have become forbidden to him, the porridge made from them is forbidden as well. "V'Rabbi Yosei matir" - in his view the porridge is permitted, since its name is "porridge of grits" and it is not called simply "grits"; once an addition has been made to its name, it is not included in the vow.
One who vows "min ha'makpeh", specifying that his vow applies to the porridge, is permitted to eat grits that are not in the form of porridge, since that is not the form of porridge. In this case all agree.
Porridge and garlic:
One who vows against porridge is forbidden in garlic as well, since garlic was placed into the porridge as a primary ingredient. "V'Rabbi Yosei matir" - the vow applies to the porridge and not to the garlic, even though the garlic plays an essential role in it. But one who vows against garlic is permitted to eat porridge according to all opinions, for even though the porridge is made with garlic, once he specified that he will not eat garlic, the porridge is not included in his vow.
Lentils and lentil cakes:
One who vows against lentils is forbidden in lentil cakes, which are made from the refuse of the lentils, and are nevertheless included in the term "lentils." "V'Rabbi Yosei matir" - in his view the lentil cakes are not included in the name "lentils." But one who vows only against lentil cakes, which are merely the refuse portion of the lentil, is permitted to eat lentils according to all opinions, since these are not included in his vow.
Doubled wording - singular and plural:
"Chitah chittim she'eini to'em" - one who uses both expressions together, the singular and the plural, is forbidden in them "bein kemach bein pas": whether they are in the form of flour or in the form of bread.
"Gris grisin she'eini to'em" - "gris" is a single ground bean, and "grisin" are ground beans in general. One who uses both expressions has forbidden both upon himself, for the doubled wording broadens the scope of the vow, and therefore he is forbidden in them "bein chayim bein mevushalim" - whether raw or cooked.
The view of Rabbi Yehudah:
Rabbi Yehudah says: "Konam gris o chitah she'eini to'em - mutar lachos chayim". One who vows using the singular alone, "gris" or "chitah," may chew them raw. Although one might have explained that the term itself refers to the kernel itself or to the bean itself, Rabbi Yehudah understands that this is not the intention of the one taking the vow; rather, his intention is the product made from the wheat or from the grits, and not the single kernel or the single bean on its own.
In summary: In this Mishnah we learned that the general name forbids the specific item beneath it as well, whereas the specific name does not forbid the general category - with cabbage and asparagus, grits and porridge, porridge and garlic, and lentils and lentil cakes. Rabbi Yosei is lenient in these three cases, because the additional food has a name of its own. We further learned that doubled wording, singular and plural, extends the vow to all its forms, whereas according to Rabbi Yehudah one who uses the singular alone has forbidden upon himself only the product, and he may chew the kernels raw.